Music and Colors free essay sample

I have a picture of a young lady with pig tails sitting on the lounge chair tuning in to her younger sibling play the Twinkle varieties. That young lady was me. I would take out my bend up pastels and start to shading each note, periodically singing the pitch. Anything identified with the D string as a rule compared with a shade of blue, the G with purple, the A with green, and the E with red. I despite everything affection to take a gander at a bit of music and see all the hues whirl around in my brain. The sound they make is lovely and clear. It seems as though the cadence is the breeze blowing the hues more slender or thicker to obscure or help them and combine them. I frequently consider notes stars; they ignite with their shading. When tuning in to a companion play a piece once, I tragically asked her to make a note a dark red with the surface of a block. We will compose a custom exposition test on Music and Colors or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page My companion gave me a befuddled gaze, so I endeavored to clarify. A red block note is harsher, marginally spotted with a profound vibratoed tone, at the same time staying melodic and unadulterated on the E string. While my clarification appeared to be completely sensible to me at that point, I have since discovered that not all artists â€Å"see† music the manner in which I do. I have attempted to communicate what I mean through words in a considerably more viable manner, despite the fact that I am pleased when somebody comprehends what I mean using shading. After ten years, that young lady who once delighted in shading her notes so as to cause her educator to comprehend what she saw despite everything envisions these hues streaming at whatever point she experiences music. This encourages me identify with the music, retain it rapidly, play expressively, and gain the most from the collection. Everybody must have their own learning apparatuses. Recognizing the tones of music with hues simply happens to be mine.

Religion and Food Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Religion and Food - Essay Example 382). Genuine models are New York Jews who devour Chinese food, however as per Judaism, â€Å"Chinese food is un-legitimate, and in this manner, non-Jewish† (Tuchman and Levine, p. 385). Along these lines, one social convention persecutes another. Another way, when some social customs truly make a so strong association, that one is unfathomable from another. Such sort of association has African Americans and European Americans inside American country. As indicated by Doris Witt, a past filled with these connections can be concentrated inside food. â€Å"Food is basically focal issue for African Americans†, and Africans were continually connected with food (particularly, ladies) in light of a racial inquiry (Witt, p. 8). Another verifiable thing is an advanced around the world, not just unconventional for America. It’s a general desacralization of food. Utilization of various cooking styles appears to be alright precisely in light of this propensity: when eating we not, at this point partner food with something profound. Vocalist depicts Krishna’s eating custom and especially, prasadam when food is right off the bat proposed to a godhood and afterward eaten with gift (p. 197). Notwithstanding, the most visual model is desacralization of food in Christian convention. For instance, these days relatively few of us keep up fasting and devouring, yet it’s â€Å"at the very heart of Christian tradition† (Bynum, p. 2). Would it be able to be, that while losing every individual social personality among wide range of others we rather structure something worldwide and normal? While having same issues and qualities, will there be all the more understanding? Would food be able to accommodate the world? Artist, A. E. â€Å"Conversion Through Foodways Enculturation: The Meaning of Eating in an American Hindu Sect† in Brown, L. K. also, Mussell, K. (Eds.) Ethnic and Regional Foodways in the United Stated: The Performance of Group Identity. Univ. of Tennessee Press,

Transactional Leadership Basics

Transactional Leadership Basics Theories Personality Psychology Print How a Transactional Leadership Style Works By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on October 06, 2019 Paul Bradbury / Getty Images More in Theories Personality Psychology Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Transactional leadership, also known as managerial leadership, focuses on the role of supervision, organization, and group performance. Leaders who implement this style focus on specific tasks and use rewards and punishments to motivate followers. This theory of leadership was first described in by sociologist Max Weber and further explored by Bernard M. Bass in the early 1980s. Take a closer look at how the transactional style works as well as some of the potential benefits and downsides of this style. Basic Assumptions of Transactional Leadership People perform their best when the chain of command is definite and clear.Rewards and punishments motivate workers.Obeying the instructions and commands of the leader is the primary goal of the followers.Subordinates need to be carefully monitored to ensure that expectations are met. This theory takes a behavioral approach to leadership by basing it on a system of rewards and punishments. Transactional leadership is often used in business; when employees are successful, they are rewarded; when they fail, they are reprimanded or punished. Athletic teams also rely heavily on transactional leadership. Players are expected to conform to the team’s rules and expectations and are rewarded or punished based on their performance. Winning a game might mean accolades and bonuses while losing might lead to rejection and verbal castigation. Players often become highly motivated to do well, even if it means suffering pain and injury. Unlike transformational leaders who tend to be forward-looking, transactional leaders are interested in merely maintaining the status quo. Transformational leaders try to sell their ideas and vision to followers. Transactional leaders, on the other hand, tell group members what to do and when to do it. How Transactional Leadership Works In transactional leadership, rewards and punishments are contingent upon the performance of the followers. The leader views the relationship between managers and subordinates as an exchange â€" you give me something for something in return. When subordinates perform well, they receive a reward. When they perform poorly, they will be punished in some way. Rules, procedures, and standards are essential in transactional leadership. Transactional leaders monitor followers carefully to enforce rules, reward success, and punish failure. They do not, however, act as catalysts for growth and change within an organization. Instead, they are focused on maintaining this as they are and enforcing current rules and expectations. These leaders do tend to be good at setting expectations and standards that maximize the efficiency and productivity of an organization. They tend to give constructive feedback regarding follower performance that allows group members to improve their output to obtain better feedback and reinforcement. When Is Transactional Leadership the Most Effective? Followers are not encouraged to be creative or to find new solutions to problems. Research has found that transactional leadership tends to be most effective in situations where problems are simple and clearly defined. It can also work well in crisis situations where the focus needs to be on accomplishing certain tasks. By assigning clearly defined duties to particular individuals, leaders can ensure that those things get done. In times of crisis, transactional leaders can help maintain the status quo and “keep the ship afloat,” so to speak. Transactional leaders focus on the maintenance of the structure of the group. They are tasked with letting group members know exactly what is expected, articulating the rewards of performing tasks well, explaining the consequences of failure, and offering feedback designed to keep workers on task. While transactional leadership can be useful in some situations, it is considered insufficient in many cases and may prevent both leaders and followers from achieving their full potential. Prominent Leaderships Styles and Frameworks

Siddharthas Spitiual And Intellectual Growth Essay

Siddharthas Spiritual And Intellectual Growth In Siddhartha by Herman Hesse, a young Brahmin in the wealthier part of India, approximately three thousand years ago, decides to set a goal onto his life. He decides to journey along the path of enlightenment and reach Nirvana, a state of total bliss. His dear friend, Govinda, accompanies him on this journey. Siddhartha sets out to seek the path to enlightenment, but it is long and difficult. Along the way, he grows spiritually and intellectually from a young seeking Brahmin, to an old, wise, and content ferryman with the knowledge of†¦show more content†¦After three years, Siddhartha realizes that he is not progressing toward his goal. He had learned all the Samanas could teach, and he lost himself a thousand times and for days on end he dwelt in non-being. But although the paths took him away from Self, in the end they always led back to it (15-16). Siddhartha discovers this was not the path he sought; escaping from ones Self did not bring one to salvation. His wisdom gre w when he accepted there was another path and this short escape from Self is experienced by others in a quite different way such as people who drink numbing their senses like he did with the Samanas. He sees that in truth, there is no learning and that his questioning and thirst for knowledge could not be satisfied by teaching. Seeking another path, Siddhartha hears of a Buddha named Gotama, and with Govinda, who also chooses to leave, ventures to see him. After a short journey, Siddhartha and Govinda arrive at the resting place of the Buddha and meet many others who had also come to hear him preach. After one of the Buddhas speeches, Govinda chooses to diverge from Siddharthas path and follow the path of the Buddha with many other followers and is shocked when Siddhartha refuses to. Before leaving, Siddhartha meets and talks with the Buddha face-to-face seeking console. Siddhartha says to the Buddha, You

Louis Armstrong The Era Of Jazz - 1449 Words

Louis Armstrong once said â€Å"If you ask what jazz is, you’ll never know.† Armstrong was conveying the message that jazz is whatever the performer makes of it, for there are no rules or restrictions on what the performer can do. Louis Armstrong was a famous jazz trumpeter from New Orleans who influenced the era of jazz tremendously throughout the years with his unique style, which included bringing in improvisation to pieces. The quote stated earlier can be applied to life, showing that in order to influence others or make a change, they have to experience it and make the experience their own. For instance, if somebody wants to be a teacher, it would be better for them to experience teaching first hand rather than just learning the effective teaching methods. â€Å"Satchmo†, one of Armstrong’s nicknames, had a loose idea of what jazz was, he made it his own and everybody loved the approach that he took. Louis Armstrong was an important figure in 1920â⠂¬â„¢s American History as he tremendously influenced the jazz era by forming it into what it is today. The influential trumpeter was born on August 4th, 1901 but, he believed that his birthday was on July 4th, 1900. He lived in a poverty stricken section of New Orleans, Louisiana that was so violent it was called â€Å"The Battlefield.† â€Å"The heros of his neighborhood were pimps and gamblers. ‘I was brought up around them people,’ he said. ‘They lived happily and they didn’t have a whole lot of money†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬  (Ward 40). This quote above showsShow MoreRelatedLouis â€Å"Satchmo† Armstrong was born on August 4, 1901. Like most jazz musicians from his era, he1100 Words   |  5 PagesLouis â€Å"Satchmo† Armstrong was born on August 4, 1901. Like most jazz musicians from his era, he had his roots in New Orleans, Louisiana. Armstrong is widely regarded as one of the greatest jazz musicians of all time. He was born to 16 year old Mayann Albert and her boyfriend Willie Armstrong. Soon after his birth, Willie left Mayann only to return a few years later, have another child, Beatrice, before leaving once again. When his father left the first time, Louis was placed into the care of hisRead MoreLouis Armstrong And Duke Ellington804 Words   |  4 Pagesyears the music genre Jazz has changed dramatically. With all the changes that has happened some aspects of the genre remained or endured little change. One trait in jazz that remained throughout all the success of the genre is certain composers. The instruments had a slight change through the years but it still continue to be tight throughout. Throughout jazz there is a couple of ledges that had their hands in the success of the jazz genre as a whole. Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington areRead MoreMusic is an art that has been in this world for tens of thousands of years and has proven its900 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough the jazz era ended almost a century ago, this time influenced by Louis Armstrong was a huge cultural shift that still remains in our society in which African-Americans are a vast part of our music industry amongst pop, rap, reggae, and more. Jazz was a unique form of music, there had never been anything like it before. It was rebellious, rhythmic, and it broke the rules- musical and social. It started a musical revolution, â€Å"With its offbeat rhythms and strange melodies, jazz was blamed forRead MoreJazz Music : Louis Armstrong1363 Words   |  6 PagesJazz became a genre of music that emerged from the influence of ragtime, blues, and brass bands. Though jazz owes its many developments to various influential figures, Louis Armstrong is the figure that stands out most prominently—forming innovative techniques that would still be followed decades later. He recorded groundbreaking records and was able to demonstrate that solo improvisation was just as fascinating as collective improvisation. Armstrong contributed to jazz in ways that set templatesRead MoreImportance of Louis Armstrong1568 Words   |  7 PagesLouis Armstrong Louis Armstrong was the greatest of all Jazz musicians. Armstrong defined what it was to play Jazz. His amazing technical abilities, the joy and spontaneity, and amazingly quick, inventive musical mind still dominate Jazz to this day. Only Charlie Parker comes close to having as much influence on the history of Jazz as Louis Armstrong did. Like almost all early Jazz musicians, Louis was from New Orleans. He was from a very poor family and was sent to reform school when he was twelveRead MoreLouis Armstrong And Jazz Age1128 Words   |  5 Pagesknown as the Jazz Age, Francis Scott Fitzgerald said â€Å"it was an age of miracles, it was an age of art, it was an age of excess, and it was an age of satire. Music also plays a big role in The Great Gatsby. One singer that was popular in the 1920s was Louis Armstrong he was known as the King of Jazz. Louis Armstrong was born on August 4, 1901 in New Orleans, Louisiana. Armstrong was born and raised in New Orleans he was the son of a prostitute and an absent father. Louis Armstrong grew up withRead MoreLouis Armstrong : The Influential Shapers Of Jazz Music1311 Words   |  6 PagesLouis Armstrong is one of the influential shapers of Jazz music. Armstrong had an ability to master both the instrumental and vocal aspects of older Jazz, and hence revolutionized contemporary jazz. Armstrong’s ability changed his position in the band. He quickly became the centerpiece of a performance, while other performers became more of a background due to his incomparable talent in both vocals and the cornet. This helped emphasize his unique style of performance of contemporary jazz. Armstrong’sRead MoreLouis Armstrong : An Era Of Fast Beat And Improvised Style1121 Words   |  5 PagesThe 1920s, also known as the Jazz Age, was an era of fast beat and improvised style. Jazz was one of the many things which helped to symbolize the decade’s spirit of freedom (Digital History). The roots of Jazz music go back as far as slavery in the 1600s. As Africans were taken from their homes and forced to come to North America, they were able to keep many of their traditions, one including music (January, Brendan, and Francois Roca). Through the years, African music styles combined with EuropeanRead MoreLouis Armstrong and His Music Essay1366 Words   |  6 PagesLouis Armstrong and His Music â€Å"The essence of jazz- making something new out of something old, making something personal out of something shared- has no finer exemplar than Armstrong.† (Hasse par. 3) During the 1920’s a young African American man, otherwise known as Louis Armstrong, helped create and represent a new twist on popular music. This music that became so famous and well loved today is also referred to as jazz. Louis Armstrong had a very successful jazz career performing and composingRead MoreA Survey Of Jazz : Louis Armstrong1056 Words   |  5 PagesRicky Vong 10/7/14 Music 1236 Survey of Jazz Louis Armstrong From its inception, Jazz has applied both innovative approaches in different degrees and boundless configuration. And has continually amplified, progress, and modify music through various distinctive episodes of growth. So, an all-encompassing denotation of jazz is likely vain. Additionally, jazz as a music whose prime attribute was â€Å"improvisation,† for example, revealed to be too regulated and chiefly false. Meanwhile composition

Individualism vs Conformity Free Essays

Individualism vs. Conformity The lives of human beings are centered around the thin blue line that separates conformity and individuality. Many times one is confused and rushed, and this line is drawn too short or too long, thus being too much of a conformist or an individual. We will write a custom essay sample on Individualism vs Conformity or any similar topic only for you Order Now The â€Å"individual,† in the American conception, is an independent and inventive agent, relatively autonomous and morally responsible to him or herself. A widespread of specific propositions concerning â€Å"human nature† was derived from this ethnocentric premise. While these cultural propositions are still maintained, at least on the ideal level, in reality a considerable degree of dependency and conformity has developed. Conformity is, in a sense, the remedy for isolation. In the opinion of many Americans, this trend threatens standards of individualism by personal property and product, decisions amongst American youth, and conformity as a whole. First and foremost since the beginning of time, men and women were ideally allowed to voice disagreement with the decisions and practices of the authorities, they were expected to choose the occupation of their preference and be self-supporting, and encouraged to follow their own convictions and beliefs. A number of regulations have been introduced, presumably guaranteeing security and consistency of economic well-being for all Americans; these include, for example, Social Security, Medicare, and other similar measures. However, claims are made that freedom is no longer clearly tied to a social system of private property and passive government. Aside from human property there is human production. In the industrial realm, modern technology and its efficiency have resulted in establishing norms and standards for production as well as consumption. Efficiency and expediency has always been of fascination to outside observers. In the course of this growing industrial efficiency and expediency, individualistic and creative participation in the production process has become greatly reduced for the vast majority of employees. There is even a question whether the product itself meets standards of individuality and uniqueness, since it has been mass-produced and is designed to suit the tastes of thousands of people. Secondly, American youth, on one hand, are brought up in the knowledge of American history, which includes many well-known and glorified examples of individualism and are encouraged to practice this â€Å"truly American† trait. On the other hand, however, American youth are constantly challenged to conform to national and patriotic standards requiring high degrees of conformity to majority opinion. There is a widespread public opinion which perceives an expression of independent individual thinking and believing but as subversive and â€Å"un-American† conduct. One is inclined to conclude that the original individualism is now at war with a strong emphasis on conformity. It appears then that there is a serious discrepancy between the American ideal of â€Å"rugged individualism† and its actual implementation. A teenager has to learn carefully that this blueprint for American individualism is not generalizable and that there are definite areas of limitations and prohibitions. The fact of non-generalizability destroys the simplicity and predictability of always responding in identical or similar ways, thereby complicating the learning process and rendering the behavioral blueprint. Conformity is some sort of a psychological shelter. If one does not know what to do and are scared, it is natural to follow the steps of others so that eventually one can find a group to take shelter in. Conformity is essential to life. Humans, being complex animals, live in a society that functions as a whole. If there is a mistake, the entire system may crumble. So, they are obligated to pay taxes and respect the law so that they can stay together as a whole. Conformity is perfectly natural. Everyone naturally wants to belong to something bigger. They naturally want to be accepted by others. However, in modern terms this acceptance can only be obtained by going further than natural conformity and stepping into popular conformity. At that certain stage Americans tend to follow the same trends in style and personal taste, whether it is music, movies, or even morals. In conclusion, individuality, like conformity, is essential to life even though modern society may not appreciate its value. At one point Americans want to be different from all the rest in one way or another. So one might dress a bit differently and choose to do things that intrigue one another. And, for once, individuals might form our opinions based on what they really feel. However, sooner or later Americans are forced to curb their spontaneous desires so that society does not label everyone as eccentric or weird. Modern life is confusing, so sometimes the vision is blurred and the choices, made in the midst of confusion, may force people in extreme directions of either conformity or individuality. Many Americans may follow everyone in everything they do, or may so much of an individual that they become somewhat of a hermit. Yet the trends that threaten standards of individualism by personal property and product, decisions amongst American youth, and conformity as a whole may show a sign of weakness. However, conformity may dominate the lives of Americans, but there is always the chance to make a mark, to become more of an individual than a clone. How to cite Individualism vs Conformity, Essay examples

The Orangutan Foundation

Question: Describe the STP plan and the literature for finding the scope of Orang-utan Foundation in Australian tourism market. Answer: Introduction This report is basically for finding the market segmentation of the Orang-utan Foundation in Australian tourism market. It will discuss about the Orang-utan Foundation, Literature review related to the market segmentation of the Orang-utan Foundation. The STP plan of the Orang-utan foundation will help in developing its market strategy and plan. STP plan includes the Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning of the organisation. The Orang-utan Foundation The Orang-utan foundation is a non- profit organisation, founded in 1986. It was established by DR. Birute Mary Galdikas (About Orangutanm 2014). This foundation works for saving and conserving the wild Orang-utans. This also habitats the rainforest related to Orang-utan. The Orang-utan foundation also provides its services for researching on orang-utans and forests. One of the major work of this foundation is also to provide education in local and both international. This organisation generates the knowledge and awareness concerned to the Orang-utans. Orang-utan Foundation is committed for the welfare of Orang-utan worldwide. It is present in all over the world. It also runs an Orang-utan Care Centre and Quarantine facility. This facility is basically provided in the Dayak village of Indonesia. This facility provides the employment opportunity for more than 200 local Indonesian people. Orang-utan also runs an adult male Orang-utan zoo named Rusti in New Jersey and Honolulu zoo in Hawaii. It also operates a research centre Camp Leakey. This research centre researches on the Orang-utans in Tanjung Putting National Park. (Orangutan, 2014) The mission of Orang-utan Foundation is dedicated towards the Orang-utans. It aims to provide help in saving the populations of Orang-utans worldwide. This mission includes the protection of Orang-utan habitat, release and rehabilitation of wild born Orang-utans. Orang-utan Foundation also missions to educate people in Indonesia, Malaysia, Lithuania, UK, Australia and United States. Literature review According to the report of Helen Buckland, Palm oil is threatening the apes. Thus, in the UK, according to the statistics, palm oil can be found in only 10% of the supermarkets present in the UK (Helen, 2012). There are various problems that are being faced by the Orang-utans worldwide. Thus, Orang-utan foundation works for the Orang-utan. According to a report of Orang-utan Foundation, Orang-utan killing is dirty big secret of palm oil and pulp and paper concession world. (Orang-utan foundation, 2012, P.3) This type of facts and figures about the Orang-utans are found by the Orang-utan Foundation. Camp Rendelle, a program by Orang-utan Foundation is dedicated to find and research these types of facts for preserving and conserving the Orang-utans worldwide. There are also various other organizations which work in this field. According to a research report and film by IMAX, they research about the Orang-utans and find the facts like the life span of Orang-utan, which is around 60 years and they generally like to live alone (IMAX, 2011). If we talk about the Orang-utan Foundation, it started with a clear motive of saving and caring about the Orang-utan of world. The population of the orang-utans are decreasing day by day due to various factors. Currently, the reason of the decrease in the number of orang-utans is not known. Orang-utan foundation is working and researching on the various factors which are becoming the reason of decrease in the population of orang-utans worldwide. According to Newsome Wildlife, tourism is, when people like to see wildlife. (Newsome, 2005). Wildlife is actually life of animals, environment in which they live, and other factors related to the life of animals. There is a very wide market of wildlife tourism in Australia. A research was done by CRC tourism, wherein, the interview of 1356 people were performed out of which, nearly 440 people had visited a wildlife place. This was just a substantial proportion, in reality, 71.1% of the Australian people like to visit Wildlife (Fredline, 2007). According to a report, currently, there are nearly 600 operators of ecotourism in Australia. Nearly 85% of these operations only employ 20 people. Ecotourism in Australia is increasing significantly every year (Active Tourism, 2012). Wild life in Australia is very well known. In terms of Orang-utan, various projects are running in Australia for saving the Orang-utans. One of the famous programmes that are running for preserving the Orang-utan is, Adopt an Orang-utan. The philosophy behind this programme is that by adopting an orang-utan will teach them about their self care and survival. In this project, a motherless Orang-utan is being cared by a team of programme which helps these orang-utans to learn how they can care themselves and how they can survive in this world which is full of hunters (The Orang-utan Project, 2014). Thus, this clearly indicates that the people of Australia love the wildlife. They love to preserve and care for the wild life animals. According to the report published by the tourism corporation of Australia, the tourism in Australia is growing every year and the tourism management of Australia is aiming to increase the tourists every year. The report is basically from 2009 to 2020 (Tourism Orangutan, 2013). It clearly shows the data for 2009 to 2013 and after that the estimated data are published by the Tourism of Australia. By observing the estimated and the real data of the year 2014 it can be said clearly that Australian Tourism has worked well and accomplished its goal. In terms of wild life tourism, the Australian tourism is also running various programmes which increases the wild life tourism in Australia (Tourism Orangutan, 2014). The Orang-utan foundation has great scope in Australia for wild life tourism as the people of Australia extremely like the wild life. As the Australian tourism is also working towards increasing the wild life, tourism in Australia will help the Orang-utan foundation to grow in Australia. The Orang-utan foundation is also running various programmes to save the wild life. This will also create the feeling and interest of Australian people towards the wild life (Cosen Gray, 2012). STP Plan for Australian Tourism market The plan of The Orang-utan Foundation includes various strategies and programmes for Australian Tourism market. Australian people are very fond of the wild life animals. Thus, there is a high scope of The Orang-utan foundation in Australian Tourism market. There is a great revolution in the people of Australia towards the wild life animals. The revolution programmes in Australia towards the wild life animals is also generating the interest of people towards the wildlife tourism in Australia. The STP plan of Orang-utan Foundation is as follows. Segmentation: The market for wild life tourism can be divided into two parts, personal market and organisational market. Personal market, as the name indicates, it is when people personally plan to visit wildlife places. In organisational segmentation, any organisations makes a programme or event for the people. Thus, these market segments can be divided. The personal segmentation can also be divided into two parts, one is an individual and other can be group or family. If we consider the individual people, people alone visit some places only when they want to feel something or want to spend some time with themselves. Thus, the wildlife places can help the people in accomplishing this objective. If we talk about the group or family tour, then the main aim of the people is to enjoy and gain refreshment. Wild life tour can become a tour for great adventures and enjoyment. Now, if we talk about the organizational segmentation then main type of organization which will take the interest in this type of visit will be School and colleges i.e. educational organizations, Orphanages, Old age homes and various other social organizations. The purpose of this organization can also be divided into two parts, enjoyment and knowledge. Thus, the market can be segmented into personal and organizational segments. Targeted Market If we talk about the wild life places then these places are appropriate for the people of all age groups, but mainly the children of age group 5 to 15 enjoy mostly in these places. Some working people also come to these types of places for getting relaxed and for refreshment (Money Control, 2014). These types of places can be a great spot for picnics and for spending weekends. The college students, mainly of the age group of 16 to 25, come at these types of places for creating their documentaries on animals and wild life. Old age people can also come here for getting peace and divinity. Thus, in terms of age groups, these types of places targets the people of all age groups but mostly it will target the children of age group 5 to 15 years. In terms of organizations, it will target the schools, orphanages, old age homes and college. Schools and colleges can organise their tours for two purposes, one is for picnic and second is for knowledge and educational purposes. Orphanages and Old age homes can also organise their tours for the enjoyment purpose. Positioning There are various wild life organizations and places in Australia. There is a lot of competition in Australian market for wild life tourism but as The Orang-utan Foundation is a non-profit organization, it doesnt consider the competition so much. The Orang-utan organization specially cares only about the Orang-utans. It only provides its services in saving and preserving the Orang-utans. Thus, this only considers the market for Orang-utans specifically. When considering Orang-utans, it doesnt compromise. The main attraction of the Orang-utan Foundation is research and study on the Orang-utans. This will help the people in gaining various types of knowledge about the Orang-utans. Thus, by considering the overall factors it can be said that if we consider the overall wildlife tourism market then it may be back in the position but if we consider only about Orang-utans then Orang-utan Foundation can be considered on the top rank (Orangutan Foundation, 2014). 4P of Orang-utan Foundation The 4Ps of the orang-utan foundations are as follows: People There are many people engaged in the 4P foundation. These people can be the visitors of different age groups and organizations and the employees associated with the Orang-utan Foundation. The employees who should be considered more will be the Marketing manager, employees under the marketing manager, People who will attend the guests and other management employees. Thus, there are various people associated in the process of Orang-utan foundation (Orang-utan, 2012). Place Of course the place that we are considering is Australia. Moreover, if we talk about the place, the place required for this should be outside the city. Only then it can provide relaxation to the visitors. The other requirement of the place should be according to the Orang-utans so that they can live peacefully. It is necessary to consider this to make them feel calm otherwise it may be very difficult to handle them (Sharma, 2014). Price If we consider the price, as Orang-utan Foundation is a non-profit organization, it does not consider the pricing so much but for running any organization, fund is a very important part (Orang-utan Foundation, 2014). Major fund for the organization comes from the donation. People of Australia can afford middle range of ticket prices for this. Thus, the prices of tickets should neither be too high nor too low. Promotion For promotion, the Orang-utan Foundation should use the online marketing, the other ways of promotion will be the newspaper advertisement and the banners (Kotler, 2010). Conclusion The Orang-utan Foundation is basically a non-profit organization of Indonesia working worldwide. This organization can be said to be a social organization, basically working for the care and preservation of the Orang-utans. The population of the Orang-utans are decreasing continuously worldwide due to various reasons. Orang-utan foundation is researching the reason and solution to these problems (World Animal Foundation, 2014). If we talk about the Australian wild life tourism then there is a great scope in Australia for wild life tourism. People of Australia like to visit at these types places for many reasons. The main reason behind this is the various programmes being run by the Australian Tourism Corporation (Jakarta, 2014). This is creating the feeling and interest of people towards the Wild life tourism. The market of Australia can be segmented in two parts for Orang-utan Foundation, one segment can be personal and organisational but the children of age group 5 to 15 will be most interested for wild life tourism. Thus, the Orang-utan Foundation has a great scope in Australian tourism market. References Charting Impact (2013). Orang-utan Foundation International. Orang-utan Foundation (2014). About Orang-utan Foundation. Marshall, Andrew J. (2005). Orang-utan population biology, life history and conservation. Buckland, Helen (2012). The oil for ape scandal- How palm oil is threatening the Orang-utan. Orang-utan Foundation (2012). Orang-utan Foundation International- 2011 Annual Report. IMAX (2011). Born to be loved, Born to be free. Fredline, Liz (2007). An analysis of the domestic wildlife tourism Market in Australia. Sustainable Tourism(2014). Wildlife Tourism, Challenges, oportunites and managing the future. Newsome, D. (2005). Enhancing the avitourism potential of the Boondals wetlands, Queensland Western Australian Section, STCRC Industry Forum, 1st ed. Perth: Queensland Publishing house. Active- Tourism (2011). Ecotourism Statistical Fact Sheet. The Orang-utan Project(2014). The Orang-utan Project. Tourism Australia (2013). The Orang-utan Project. Tourism Australia (2014). The Orang-utan Project. WWF (2013). Adopt an Orang- Utan. BOS (2014). Bourneo Orang-utan Survival Australia. Money Control (2014). What is STP. Orang-utan (2012). Orang-utan Foundation International Journey into rain Froest with Dr. Birte Galdikas. Orang-utan Foundation (2014). Orang-utan Foundation International. Sharma, Mandeep (2014). Volunteer Tourism and Orang-utan Conservation. WWF (2006). Orang-utan Fact sheet 6 (12) pp. 2-4 Kotler, P. (2010). Marketing Management 8th ed. London: Pearson Publishing House. Coren, N Gray, T (2012) Commodification of volunteer tourism: a comparative study of volunteer tourists in Vietnam and in Thailand. International Journal of Tourism Research, Vol. 14, pp. 222-234. McGehee, N Clemmons, D (2008), An outgrowth of the 2004 voluntourism think tank a joint effort of Los Ninos Inc. Paper presented at the Educational Travel Conference, George Washington University. Orang-utan Foundation (2014) Orang-utan Foundation Mission Statement. World Animal Foundation (2014) Orang-utan.

Abducted the Carlina White Story free essay sample

The Carlina White Story Carlina Renae White, also known as Nejdra Nance is an American woman who solved her own kidnapping case and 23 years later was reunited with her biological parents. Her case represents the longest known gap in a non-parental abduction where the victim was reunited with the family in the United States. When Carlina was only nine days old, her parents, Joy White and Carl Tyson, took her to the hospital because of the 104 degree fever she was running on august 4, 1987. She had swallowed fluid during her delivery and now had an infection. A woman reportedly dressed as a nurse had comforted the parents at the hospital, but was not an employee of the hospital. The woman had been seen around the hospital three weeks prior to the abduction. Baby Carlina disappeared during the early morning around 2 a. m. when shifts were changing. There was no surveillance because at that time the cameras were not working. We will write a custom essay sample on Abducted: the Carlina White Story or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There was no way of knowing what the woman who abducted the baby looked like except for what was described by Joy and Carl. One of the guards said a woman matching the suspect’s description left the hospital around 3:30 a. m. and that no infant was visible. There were many flyers with Carlina’s picture on them distributed nationwide, but with no success of locating her. Her parents filed a one hundred million suit against the hospital in 1989 and obtained a seven hundred and fifty dollar settlement in 1992. Carlina White was raised as Nejdra Nance by Ann Pettway in Bridgeport, Connecticut, just 45 miles from where her parents had lived. After graduating high school, Ann and Carlina later moved to Atlanta, Georgia. Nejdra (Carlina) grew suspicious during her teen years that Ann was not her birth mother because of their lack of physical resemblance and her inability to obtain documents such as a social security card. When she asked about her birth certificate, Ann tried to give many excuses as to why she didn’t have one. Ann Pettway tried to forge a certificate, but was unable to create one that looked authentic. At age twenty three, Nejdra turned to websites where she found that the images of the kidnapped Carlina looked like infant photos of her herself and her daughter. She called the centers hotline and was able to contact her birth family. DNA profiling confirmed in January 2011 that Nejdra Nance was the missing Carlina White.

Small business fate in the US

Small business fate in the US Small businesses continue to form the backbone of the US economy though the rate of their failure has escalated the past few years. This trend occurs because of many factors both internal and external; for instance, owners’ behaviors and environmental conditions among others.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Small business fate in the US specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Small Business Administration statics (SBA), the rate of success of small of business in the US is seventy percent (Schaefer, 2011). Seven out of ten businesses survive after two years of establishment and this rate is an improvement from 51 percent, which was the rate of success a few years ago. Red flag The main reason cited for small business failure is poor management where business owners lack the required management skills in critical areas such as purchasing, production, finance, and hiring among others (Gill, Biger, Mathur, Shah, Bhutani, 2010, p.1). The ability to plan, control, and organize all the operations of a business lacks in most new business. This problem is indicated by inadequate cash to meet all the expenses of the business, high turnover among employees, and failure to meet the expectations of the customers among other indicators. Insufficient capital is another common problem, which is indicated by early closure of the business due to lack of funds to meet expenses of the business. Precautionary measures Many people start businesses for wrong reasons with the sole aim of just making a lot of money without considering whether they have what it takes to run the business. Those intending to start a new venture need to consider whether they have the right mental stamina, passion, and determination to run the business. Management skills are also paramount and new investors need to check their ability to organize, plan and control all business operations. In addition, they need to en sure they have sufficient capital to start and run the new business until it can meet all its expenses. Prevention from loss The ability of small businesses to absorb loss is very low compared to that of large businesses. The owners of small businesses therefore ought to be more cautious especially when taking risks such as borrowing capital from banks and expanding the businesses. Good management of the businesses is a key factor in preventing business loss both to the owner and to lenders. Securing the business through insurance will also help in restoring the business in case of a major loss that may occur in the course of operation. In addition, owners ought to know the right time to close their non-profit making businesses prevent accumulation of unnecessary debt.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Business succession plan Most of the small businesses ar e family-owned and it is crucial to have a good succession plan to ensure that the business operates for a long time. The owner of the business needs to prepare in advance those who will takeover after he or she retires. This undertaking is important especially if the business will continue to be a family business. The owner may also employ a manager for the business if there is no family member experienced to take over the management position. The owner of the business may take other options if he or she does not intend to keep the ownership of the business to the family; for instance, s/he might consider selling the business, buy-sell agreement transfer, private annuities, and limited family partnership among other options. References Gill, A., Biger, N., Mathur, N., Shah, C., Bhutani, I. (2010). Factors That Affect Canadian Propensity To Grow And Expand Small Business. Business Economics Journal, 6, 1-10. Schaefer, P. (2011). Small Business Administration statics (SBA): The sev en pitfalls of business failure and how to avoid them. Retrieved from https://www.businessknowhow.com/startup/business-failure.htm

Dreamers versus Workers and Their Humanity Essay

Dreamers versus Workers and Their Humanity - Essay Example The Cherry Orchard illustrates Chekhov's time, when feudalism shifted to capitalism and how it differentiated the dreamers from the workers, although Chekhov did not press judgment on these people, since he also believes that humanity is humanity because they are fraught with weaknesses. Chekhov's time represented the transition from feudalism to capitalism in Russia, which drastically altered the social class structure and contributed to the â€Å"defeat of the cultured elite†. He shows Madame Ranevskaya’s household as the â€Å"passing of the semifeudal existence of Russian landowners on their country estates†. Madame Ranevskaya composes the aging and fading Russian aristocracy, who slips into economic decline after centuries of upholding luxurious lifestyles. Another class emerges, nevertheless, the â€Å"semiliterate, ambitious middle class† that Lopakhin belongs to. Lopakhin has become wealthy because of his hard work, which the aristocrats lacked. He is part of the â€Å"workers† in the play. Lopakhin feels short of being part of the true, new upper class, however. He realises that he can never replace the upper class: â€Å"...you'll find I'm still a peasant down to the marrow of my bones† (Chekhov Act 1). This viewpoint may also be part of Chekhov's belief that the bourgeoisie is a class of its own that cannot fully usurp the ancient charm and sophistication of the former aristocracy. The characters depict Chekhov's idea that dreams are nothing without action. Madame Ranevskaya lives in the same dream that she is still wealthy. She sells her villa to have her daughter Anya go to Paris. Once there, they act as if they remain rich. Anya tells Varya: â€Å"We had dinner at a station; she asked for all the expensive things, and tipped the waiters one rouble each† (Chekhov 1). Instead of living within their means, Madame Ranevskaya continues her former wealthy lifestyle, which economically ruins her. Madame Ra nevskaya also wants to save the orchard from being sold and divided. She is emotionally attached to the orchard, which is why she cannot bear selling it. The cherry trees stood for their aristocrat â€Å"happiness,† a happiness which Chekhov felt when he tended to his own orchard (Vorob'eva 82). Madame Ranevskaya knows that they cannot rely on Gaev, because he is also a dreamer who does act to save the orchard. He wants to save the orchard though, because it stands for their erstwhile affluence. He mentions to Lopakhin that their cherry orchard was once mentioned in the Encyclopaedic Dictionary. The dictionary represents the extinction of aristocracy, who will only be remembered in the pages of history. Varya also dreams of Lopakhin's proposal, but the latter does not feel he deserves Varya. Varya expresses her bitterness to Anya: â€Å"But everybody talks about our marriage, everybody congratulates me, and there's nothing in it at all, it's all like a dream† (Chekhov 1). Indeed, these characters have various dreams that they never act on. Gaev illustrates the futility of dreaming:â€Å"I keep thinking and racking my brains; I have many schemes, a great many, and that really means none.† The play draws the difference between dreaming and realising those dreams. But dreaming is better than having no dreams at all. Chekhov shows that people with no aspirations are more deplorable than those who dream. Yephodov, who earned the nickname of two-and-twenty misfortunes because of his

Gharar in Islamic Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Gharar in Islamic Law - Assignment Example Another major contribution of the Islamic banks is that being under supervision of their Shariah Boards they presented a wide range of questions concerning modern business to Shariah Scholars, hence, providing them an opportunity to understand the contemporary business practice and trade but also to evaluate it in the light of Shariah and to find out other alternatives which may be acceptable according to the Islamic principles (Vogel and Samuel, 1998). Islamic Laws Islam is a complete code of life and encompasses everything in life. It influences families as much as international relations and certainly includes all financial matters. It sources are the Quran and the Sunnah and the consensus of the opinion of the great jurists and interpreters of Islamic Law. If none of cited provide guidance on a particular matter then there is qiyas or analogy by which jurists and scholars compare an issue of today with a similar one described in the Quran or Sunnah and draw conclusions from the p rinciples involved (Usmani, 2001). In all mattes of finance, the essence of Islamic law is perhaps based on a verse from the Quran that says â€Å"Do not usurp one another’ possessions†. The object of Islamic finance is to eliminate injustice and exploitation in financial dealings and to create an equitable distribution of wealth by encouraging effort and mutual co operation. It is believed that this, in turn, will increase productivity and goodwill, alleviate economic hostility and inspire all the members of a society with a feeling of having common economic goals (Al-Qardawi, 2001). However, because the law is derived from writings that predate modern life, the interpretations can be difficult. In the finance sector, banks appoint Shariah boards to consider transactions that the bank wishes to engage in and decide whether they meet the Shariah requirements. However, boards in different banks may often come to different conclusions (Obaidullah, 2005). Almost all trans actions entered into by banks are based on legal contracts that conform to local law (or in many cases, English Law) and often add Shariah compliance as an additional requirement. This has not proven to be an easy legal basis for business, although only a few cases have come to the courts, the courts have ruled that only one law can be applied (Ghafoor, 1995). London Rulings Two cases are worth studying a) Islamic Investment Company of Gulf Ltd v Symphony Gems & others (London High Court 13.02.02) b) Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd & others v Shamil Bank of Bahrain EC (Royal Courts of Justice, London 11 & 12 December, 2003) In the later case, the banking expert on Islamic Law and former director, Center of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law on the invitation of the court gave following observations (Usmani, 2001): The precise scope and content of Islamic Law in general, and Islamic banking in particular are marked by a degree of controversy within Islamic world, best exemplified by the fact that the actual practice of Islamic banking differs widely within the Islamic world (Usmani, 2001). In the absence of any agreement on the boundaries of Islamic Banking or indeed on what ought to be the precise ingredients of a Morabaha agreement, it is in practice up to the individual banks to determine the issue. In the absence of any legal prescription as to what does and what does not constitute Islamic banking or finance, most Islamic banks, including those in Bahrain, seek the advice of Islamic Scholars who examine and approve

UK Anti-Terrorism Laws Analysis of Key Concepts

UK Anti-Terrorism Laws Analysis of Key Concepts The UK Home Office holds plenty of different legislative functions that are used to help prevent any terror attacks from happening. Their main strategy used to counter terrorism is called Operation contest, it involves four detailed criteria to ensure that any attacks are successfully prevented. Firstly, it aims to Pursue or follow terrorist activity in order to be able to stop terrorist attacks. Secondly, it wants to Prevent people from becoming terrorists, or actively supporting terrorist movements. Thirdly, Home Office aims to Protect the public and strengthen the safeguarding levels used to protect the nation from such attacks as the ones in France. Finally, the last element of the criteria is to Prepare. This stage is a last resort for when an attack cannot be stopped, and its intention is to mitigate the impact of the attack as much as is possible in order to fulfil the other criteria to an effective standard. The prevention of terrorism is more relevant now than ever before, considering recent attacks, such as the ones in Nice this year. The Anti-Terrorism, Crime + Security Act 2001 (ATCSA) implemented the Indefinite detention of international terror suspects, in an attempt to gain further control over the issue. S.21 of this Act declares that the Secretary of state may issue a certificate in respect of a person, if they reasonably believe that a persons presence in UK is a risk to national security, and they suspect that the person is a terrorist. This is a useful prevention method, because detaining possible suspects means that they cannot partake in any dangerous terror related acts. However, there are some issues concerning the detainment of individuals, especially when it is not certain that the individual has been identified as a terrorist. In order to pass the legislation, the government had to derogate from Article 5 of ECHR, which deals with the right to liberty for individuals. (AV Secretary of State Home Department 2004)[1] It is argued that even a suspected international terrorist must still be given certain rights, for example they can use S.21 to appeal to the Special Immigration Appeals Commission against the allegations made against them. The detainment of falsely accused suspects in particular could cause conflict within todays modern society; Lord Hoffman claimed that the real threat to the life of the nation, in the sense of a people living in accordance with its traditional laws and political values, comes not from terrorism, but from laws such as these. To emphasise this point, Lord Scott said that indefinite imprisonment that is based on ground s that are not disclosed and made by a person whose identity cannot be disclosed, is the stuff of nightmares. This raises doubt to the sincerity of governmental intentions regarding terrorism suspects, and the success rate of finding and stopping active terrorists from causing irreparable damage. Following the ruling of the House of Lords, the government replaced the provisions of ATCSA 2001 with the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 (PTA) This introduced various changes and new methods, such as control orders for all terror suspects; these can be implemented whether the suspect is British or foreign, which has introduced a higher level of equality towards the treatment of suspects. This Act stipulates that control order means an order against an individual that imposes obligations on him. For purposes connected with protecting members of the public from the risk of terrorism. The obligations that may be imposed by a control order made against an individual, are any obligations that are necessary for purposes connected with preventing or restricting involvement by that individual in terrorism-related activity. The PTA allowed the statute to impose non-derogating control orders on individuals, which included electronic tagging, curfews, visitation restrictions, internet bans, and limits placed upon phone communication. (Secretary of State for home Department V JJ 2007)[2] A control order is not the same thing as being placed under house arrest. The sole purpose is to put a stop to any potential terrorist activity, and they are tailored to each individual case in order to be a successful prevention method. They can be imposed for a period of up to 12 months at a time, but then an application for renewal must be made. This is a highly effective strategy to prevent terrorists from being able to plan or stipulate any attacks. Because it cuts off, or at least monitors all communication between the detainee and the outside world, it means that the individual has no way of executing any sort of attack, via his own actions or through somebody elses. It is a good and effective method hat is reasonably accessible too, which theoretically should be a highly effective prevention strategy, once a suspect has been identified. Despite the effectiveness of the method, Lord Bellingham likened the conditions of a control order to that of prison, simply without the benefit of association with others. He questions the humanity of the control order, and whether it is ethically acceptable to place an individual under these conditions, especially when it has not been proven that they have committed a crime. However, in contrast to this, Lord Brown noted that provided the core element of confinement does not exceed 16 hours a day, it is insufficiently stringent as a matter of law to effect a deprivation of liberty. This means that by law it is acceptable to allow the use of such a method, where the affected individual is a threat to the welfare of the nation. Beyond 16 hours, however, liberty is lost, and the problems with the control order are entirely valid. Article 6 (1) of the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR), addressed the issue of a defendants rights in regards to a fair trial. In the determination of his civil rights and obligations, or of any criminal charge against him, everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial tribunal established by law. Judgement is openly accessible in the interest of the public eye, but the press and public may be excluded from all or part of the trial itself in the interest of morals, public order, or national security in a democratic society. Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall be presumed innocent until proven guilty according to the law. In addition, everyone charged with a criminal offence has the right to be informed promptly, in a language which they understand and in detail, of the nature and cause of the accusation against them. They have the right to defend themselves in person, or through legal assistance of their own choosing, and also to examine or have examined witnesses against them and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on their behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against them. The House of Lords held that Article 6 (1) of the ECHR did apply to the control order proceedings, meaning that the suspect would be entitled to a fair and public hearing, along with the other criteria mentioned. (Secretary of State for home Department V MB, AF 2007)[3] Lord Billingham said that in regards to any case in which a person was at risk of a control order containing obligations, there could be a fair trial in spite of the fact that a controlled person was neither provided with the detail nor the sources of the evidence, forming the basis of the allegations. Terrorist suspects also have a right to respect for private and family life, and there shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right. Except when it is in accordance with the law, and is necessary in a democratic society in the interest of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, or for the prevention of disorder or crime. Similarly, no one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. (G V Secretary of State for home Department 2004)[4] These conditions illustrate the States compliance with acceptance of a suspects individual rights. This brings us to the conclusion that the main importance to the Government is to use the law to aid them in preventing any terrorist acts that could be a threat to the safety of the country. There are various provisions in regards to the reform and abolition of control orders under the Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures Act 20011 (TPIM). These include the introduction of a replacement system of terrorism prevention and investigative measures. There have also been increased safeguarding levels for the civil liberties of individuals that are subject to the measure. For example, there is now a higher test that must be satisfied before the measures can be imposed upon suspects; compared to what already exists for control orders, which have a maximum time limit of 2 years for TPIM notices. Further measures can only be imposed if the person has re-engaged in the terrorism. But restrictions that impact on an individuals ability to follow normal patterns of daily life will be kept to a minimum in order to protect the public. They will have to be proportionate and clearly justified in order to keep the public at peace with the State and how effectively they are managing current affairs in relation to the protection of the public regarding threats of terrorism. The Counter-Terrorism and Security Act 2015 is another useful aid in providing legislative measures to prevent terrorist attacks from becoming a reality within the UK. For example, it allows the seizure of passports from persons suspected of involvement in terrorism for up to 30 days. This means that it stops possible suspects from being able to leave the country to avoid capture, but more importantly they cannot get on any flights and commit terror attacks. This Act also allows the imposition of temporary exclusion orders from the UK, used to stop potential threats from executing any plans within the UK that could cause any serious damage or harm to the country. The Police are provided with various legislative measures to assist them in the counter of terrorist acts, such as stop and search powers, which are given to them under s.43 of the Terrorism Act 2000. (TACT) A constable may stop and search a person whom is reasonably suspected to be a terrorist, or to discover whether he has in his possession anything which may constitute valid evidence of terrorism. However, this method has been used less and less in recent years. The Metropolitan Police stopped and searched 411 people in the year of 2014/2015, compared to 2010/11, where 1,154 people were searched, and an even larger total of 1,896 in 2009/10. Lord Carlile of Berriew complained about the effectiveness of it, as it catches no or almost no terrorism material, it has never caught a terrorist, therefore it should be used conservatively. The exercise of this stop and search power was a clear interference of Article 8(1) of the ECHR, which is the right to privacy. As shown in (Gillan + Quinton V UK 2009)[5], it is not in accordance with the law, and therefore not the best method to use when trying to prevent terrorist attacks. Port and border controls are another prevention method used in an effort to keep the country safe from attacks. The State reserves wide powers to stop, search and detain individuals at ports and airports. (Beghal V Director of Public Prosecutions 2015)[6] However, recent changes have reduced the maximum period someone can be questioned before being detained from a 9-hour period to just 6 hours. With access to legal advice for all individuals who are questioned for more than one hour. 32,000 individuals were stopped at ports in the UK in 2014/15. Despite the use of this method being generally avoided, there are other more successful strategies that are used within the UK to prevent terrorism. These defensive strategies have been put in place with the sole purpose of protecting the public of the UK, and gives law enforcement the power to do all they can to prevent such attack as the ones in Nice. Terrorism is defined in the UK by the Terrorism Act 2000 (TACT) within three main subsections.ÂÂ   S.1(a) defines it as the use of threat or action that involves serious violence against a person, serious damage to a property, or endangers a persons life, other than the person committing the action. Terrorism also occurs if the action creates a serious risk to the health or safety of the public or a section of the public, or if it is designed to seriously interfere with or disrupt an electric system.ÂÂ   S.1(b) of TACT stipulates that terrorism also involves the use of threats that are designed to influence the government or an international government organisation, or to intimidate the public. Finally, S.1(c) explains that terrorism occurs where the use of the threat is made for the purpose of advancing a political, religious, racial, or ideological cause. Additionally, the use or threat of action which involves the use of firearms or explosives acts as a count of terroris m, whether it falls within section b. or not. (Regina V F 2007)[7] The general definition of terrorism references criteria such as the intention and motivation of a suspected terrorist, whereas a more specific approach identifies terrorist activities like hijacking and taking hostages. The case of (R V Gul 2013)[8] UKSC 64, made the Supreme Court reconsider the definition of terrorism, as it is arguably far too wide to be an effective prevention method. One person could be seen as a terrorist to a certain number of the population, but to another section such as a conflicting religion or country, they could be seen as a freedom fighter. Because of this, it has been difficult to agree on a definition of terrorism that is suitable for everyone at an international level. The issue in this case concerned the legal definition in TACT and whether or not it includes military attacks by non-state armed groups working against the armed forces during conflict. The Supreme Courts press summary explained how it unanimously dismissed Mr Guls appeal because of a judgment given by Lord Neuberger and Lord Judge, which was agreed by other members within the courts. Mr Gul argued that both domestic law and international law required that the legal definition of terrorism should be narrow and strictly interpreted. This was to exclude its application from situations where it is not necessary, namely those involving actions by non-state armed troops attacking foreign armed forces in their territory. The definition had clearly been drafted in deliberately wide terms so it could take into account the various and unpredictable ways that terrorism might take effect. In these circumstances, the only reason for the Court to interpret the definition more restrictively would be if it conflicted with the ECHR, or generally with the UKs obligations in international law. In parting, the Court noted that although the issue was one for Parliament to decide, the current definition of terrorism is concerningly wide, and needs to be condensed significantly in order to be more productive in its effort to prevent terrorism. However, in contrast to this view, Lord Carlile shares his own views on terrorism in The Definition of Terrorism. (7th June 2007) His main conclusions find that there is not one single definition of terrorism that commands full international approval. The risks posed by terrorism and its nature as a crime are sufficient to necessitate proportional and special laws to assist prevention, disruption and detection. This indicates that the definition of terrorism would be a very useful part of such laws, and the more detail that can be provided, the better. It would provide an easier way to not only define but recognise acts of terrorism and put more effective precautionary measures and laws in place to stop such events occurring. The current definition of terrorism is consistent with international comparators and treaties, meaning it is useful because of how broadly fit for its purpose it is. There are many different ways an individual can commit acts of terrorism, so it makes sense that an efficient definition would be fairly broad or extensive, to cover all possible aspects. For example, the offences against property should continue to fall within the definition of terrorist acts, as well as with religious causes. However, the only religiously inspired terrorist attack in the whole of Europe in 2013 was the murder of Lee Rigby in Woolwich.ÂÂ   This shows that despite its necessity, this part of the definition is not needed very often. But that does not mean that it is an insufficient part of the definition, therefore it should not be discarded or overlooked. The definition being so broad does not bring us to the conclusion that it is unfit for its purpose, if anything it makes it more effective as it c an help to prepare for or determine all or more possible terrorist activities. Alternatively, it could be argued that there is no such need for certain elements of the definition, and that to be more effective it should in fact be more concise. S.1(b) includes actions which are not severe enough to constitute actual acts of terrorism. Therefore, existing laws should be amended so that these actions cease to fall within the definition if they were only intended to influence the specific target audience. For terrorism to arise, influencing actions or reactions is not enough. The root of the word terrorism is taken from a Latin term that means to frighten, therefore, there should be a definite intention to intimidate the target audience, or make them act in a certain way. Even though some sections may be too broad to be effective, extra-territoriality should remain within the definition in accordance with international obligations. This would allow justified prosecutions of terrorist activities in other countries, such as Iraq and Syria. The Terrorism Act is a wide-ranging piece of legislation that criminalises various acts related to terrorism as it defines it. The legal definition of terrorism it provides is so broad it has been argued that it threatens to criminalise most of the general population as well. The UK Governments current independent reviewer of terrorism legislation is called David Anderson QC, who succeeded Lord Carlile of Berriew C.B.E. Q.C. in February 2011. Anderson has expressed some concerns regarding the issues arising with the definition of terrorism. In one of his reports, he argued that the current definition needs to be much more narrow, otherwise simple general affairs such as political speeches or investigative journalism could be incorrectly identified as terrorism. This is not the aim of the definition, it illustrates a good example of why it is too broad, as not only is it broad enough to include all counts of terrorism, it is also so broad that it is incorrectly criminalising many othe r individuals which is an unjustified result of a poorly crafted definition. In another one of David Andersons reports, he discussed ways in which to solve the problems, the necessary actions to narrow it down and become a more applicable definition would be to remove s.1(c), which stipulates that shooters and bombers are deemed to be terrorists even if they are not trying to influence or intimidate anyone other than their immediate victim. This rule is only applicable within the UK, and it does not apply to poisoners, arsonists or people who use cars or machetes as weapons. Therefore, it is arguable that repealing it would not have much of an impact on the current UK legislation regarding terrorism anyway. This deems it a potential solution to discard the particular subsection of the definition in order to condense it and put more focus on factors with higher levels of importance. Ultimately, this would make the definition more fit for its purpose, and there would be less speculation regarding its levels of effectiveness. The UK has some of the most extensive anti-terrorism laws in the western world.ÂÂ   They give Ministers, prosecutors and the police the powers they need to put a stop to violence caused by terrorists. Hate crimes are another example used to illustrate how unnecessarily extensive the definition of terrorism actually is. A hate crime may include something like an indirect act of racism, but it will not always suffice as an act of terrorism. For example, a child making a threat on a fascist website to shoot their teacher would be legally classed as a terrorist. This act is criminally wrong, but if the child only intended to harm that one individual teacher, who would be the only person that would be immediately affected by their act, then it is wrong to characterise them as a terrorist as well. Therefore meaning that the current definition has flaws that need to be amended in order to stop the incorrect determination of terrorists or terrorist activity. When comparing the definitions of terrorism from different countries, it is clear that there are some similarities between the basic structure of the definition. In 1986, France adopted its first anti-terrorism law. As of 2016, the French legal definition stipulates that an act of terrorism occurs if it is connected to individual or collective enterprises, and intended to gravely disturb the public order through the use of intimidation and fear. It defines terrorist acts as deliberate assaults at life and personal integrity. Similarly, the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations defines terrorism as the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. This definition is arguably a lot more fit for purpose than the extensive version that the UK abide by. In comparison, it could be argued that the narrow definitions are more effective as they a llow clear focus on pinpointing the acts of terrorism to the best of the states ability, enabling efficient prevention of terrorism and harm. These definitions are not dissimilar, so with a small amount of change, the current UK definition could be equally as concise and effective as the others are. The word terrorism itself has a large political stigma attached to it. This could be the reason behind international communities having so much difficulty in finding a universally accepted definition of the term. Most governments do agree that certain key elements of crime are what we use to define an act as terrorism. These elements include a politically motivated act of violence that is used to target non-combatant targets, and is designed to spread fear across a nation or the world. The reason it is so difficult to define is that there are so many different types or ways in which it can occur. However, despite the fact that the current UK definition provided by TACT is extremely broad, it is still fit for its purpose. It is sufficient in catching terrorists and doing its best to prevent terrorism in order to protect the public. The problem is that it is so broad, it can unjustly criminalise individuals as well. To prevent this, some sections of the definition should be condensed i n order to reach a better balance. Bibliography The Definition of Terrorism. (7th June 2007) http://www.hri.org/docs/ECHR50.html https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/terrorism-prevention-and-investigation-measures-act http://claiminghumanrights.org/equality_before_law_definition.html http://login.westlaw.co.uk/maf/wluk/api/tocectory?sttype=stdtemplatestnew=true https://portal.uclan.ac.uk/webapps/blackboard/content/listContent.jsp?course_id=_61833_1content_id=_1566774_1mode=reset [1]ÂÂ   AV Secretary of State Home Department 2004 UKHL 27; [2004] 2 A.C. 368 [2] Secretary of State for home Department V JJ 2007 7] UKHL 46 [2007] 3 WLR 681, [2008] 1 AC 440 [3] Secretary of State for home Department V MB, AF [2007] UKHL, [2007] 3 WLR 681, [2008] 1 AC 440 [4] [5] Gillan + Quinton V UK 2009 50 EHRR 45 [6] Beghal v DPP [2015] UKSC 49; [2015] 3 W.L.R. 344; [2015] 2 Cr. App. R. 34; [2015] H.R.L.R. 15 [7] Regina v F [2007] 3 WLR 164, [2007] 2 All ER 193, [2007] QB 960, [2007] [8] Regina V Gul 2013 UKSC 64

United States Department of State V. Ray

Marquise Green United States Department of State v. Ray Part I Every year millions of young adults graduate from their respective high schools, pack up their belongings, leave their parental guided homes behind, and set off for college. The first thing that comes to mind when leaving the parents behind is their first true sense of freedom. The freedom to do what they please with no curfew, no guidelines, and no pre-disposed consequences for their actions is the freedom they’ve been working hard throughout the maturing years of their childhood.Upon arrival it seems as though this is the case, but as time passes one realizes that the so called freedom they attained comes with an inherited circumstance. The privacy that you once had in the safety of your home in your bedroom is violated by the inheritance of a roommate and the dorm lifestyle. Some may not have ever had this privacy due to their initial guardians, but the fact remains, that you have to share your space, time, and livelihood with the accompanied male or female assigned. The right to privacy is protected by many laws in our country’s government.Included in these laws is the Freedom of Information Act in which the case at hand regards. In the United States Department of State v. Ray (502 U. S. 164, 112 S. Ct. 541) a group of Haitians seeking political asylum from our government, using the FOIA as a precedent for their reasoning, sought to receive the names and information withheld from them of Haitian emigrants who were previously sent back to Haiti upon arrival to the United States. The State Department in this case was known as the petitioner (plaintiff) and the respondent (defendant) was the Florida lawyer Michael D.Ray representing the Haitian nationals and his clients. In a more detailed summary, it was stated that a group of Haitians depressed with their countries devastations, sought to illegally immigrate to the U. S. seeking asylum as political refugees. As our nation’s g overnment caught attention of the immigrants, they imposed a plan to apprehend and reinsert the immigrants of who did not qualify for political asylum back into Haiti. Fearing the immigrants’ safety from persecution upon arrival, they comprised an agreement with the Haitian government to restrain from persecuting these individuals for their actions.Also, they set forth a series of interviews with the immigrants to follow up on the agreement’s standing. This is where our case’s foreground was cemented. The remaining Haitian nationals known to be the respondents, made a series of FOIA requests to government agencies for copies of the reports of the interviews the State Department held from the returning Haitians. They wanted to prove that there was indeed a fear of prosecution upon returning to Haiti that entitled the immigrants to asylum in the U. S.The problem at hand was that some of the information they received had been redacted or edited before the Haitian n ationals received them. The State Department’s reasoning is that upon assigning the agreement with the Haitian government and the returning immigrants they interviewed, they vowed that they would not disclose any information of their names and whereabouts for their safety due to an invasion of privacy. The respondents argued that the right to privacy is outweighed by public interest and the Freedom of Information Act gives them the right.The following case was settled in the Supreme Court with Justice Stevens delivering the ruling however, let us start with the District Court’s ruling. The District Court sided with the respondents and held that the invasion of privacy in this situation, giving away the names and addresses of the individuals was of little significance and was dominantly outweighed by public interest in the â€Å"safe relocation of returned Haitians. † They ordered the State Department to surrender the redacted information. Upon reaching the Court of Appeals, they too sided with the respondents though they disagreed with some of the pretenses.They first argued that the privacy of the Haitians was indeed significant given the fact that the respondents wanted the information to contact the returned Haitians directly and to question them, and second, that the returnees were previously promised confidentiality from our government. Though they argued these points, the court concluded that â€Å"the indirect benefit of giving respondents the means to locate the Haitian returnees†¦provided a public value that required disclosure. The Supreme Court then granted certiorari. Here lies a more detailed description of the FOIA.One precedent in the case was from John Doe Agency v. John Doe Corp. which it stated, â€Å"The Freedom of Information Act was enacted to facilitate public access to Government documents. † In the FOIA there are a series of 9 exemptions to disclosure of this information. These are put in place to ensur e the protection of federal agencies and certain information that shouldn’t be viewed by the public. Specifically in this case, Exemption 6 was used by the State Department stating that â€Å"personnel and medical files and similar files the disclosure of which would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy. Upon further examination of the FOIA and Exemption 6 they lean to the Department of Air Force v. Rose case as a precedent for their decision. The key concept in this exemption which the Court examined is â€Å"†¦a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy. † The main points that the Supreme Court derived its decision from were that first; they felt that public interest had initially been satisfied by the disclosure of the redacted interview summaries, and the unredacted documents would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of privacy.They felt that the addition of the redacted files would not give any further information that t he respondents seek. The second, was that the public interest the respondents rely on stems from they might find information outside of the Government files, which inherits â€Å"derivative use† that which the law doesn’t stand for. And finally that the respondents were seeking to attain information with hopes to find evidence that would challenge the integrity of our government officials. The Supreme Court concluded that â€Å"the proposed invasion of the serious privacy interest of the Haitian returnees is clearly unwarranted. With that being said the judgment of the Court of Appeals was reversed. The opinion preceding the decision was made by Justice Scalia and Justice Kennedy concurring in part and in the judgment. They stated that the majority agreed that whether to establish a public interest or to establish an invasion of privacy is impermissible considering derivative uses. They contended that the FOIA would be more sensible if it included â€Å"cause, produc e or lead to† when associating with clearly unwanted invasion of personal privacy.They believed that there shouldn’t have been an argument for Exemption 6. U. S. officials pledged confidentiality knowing that the information regarding the interviews is something that a person would not want to be shared, therefore an invasion of personal privacy. They conclude that there is nothing substantial about the other side’s argument for public interest that can compete, so this is â€Å"clearly unwarranted† and upholds to Exemption 6. Part II In the first case documenting my chosen case as a precedent, Long v. United States Department of Justice (778 F.Supp. 2d 222), petitioners brought action against the Department of Justice attempting to attain records relating to health care providers’ reports of vaccine administration and the reactions of the administration, specifically the vaccine types and dates. The DOJ stated that the reasoning for them withholdin g the information from the public was due to the FOIA’s exemption 6 regarding the personal privacy of the patients. They stated that the information would provide â€Å"specific medical information† about the named individuals.The District Court of New York held however, that even though the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986 gives right to health care providers to withhold information, the DOJ had nothing that just justified their decision to withhold the type of vaccine administered or the date of the administration. The Court also stated that the DOJ failed to satisfy the burden of justifying the withholding under Exemption 6. With these findings, the Court initially granted summary judgment in way of the plaintiff and ordered the disclosure of the information.The DOJ then motioned for reconsideration which the Court granted. In reconsideration, the DOJ requested for summary judgment on both the FOIA’s Exemption 3 and 6. First, the DOJ stated that the vaccine types and dates were withheld under Exemption 3, which exempts disclosure by statute, due to statute 300aa-12(d)(4)(A) which prohibits disclosure of this information. The plaintiffs however, argued that the meaning of the word â€Å"information† is too broad and can’t specifically relate to the subject, vaccine types and dates of administration.Further, they contradicted the definition of the word â€Å"information† as defined in the statute to the actual dictionary definition to better prove their position in the argument. Though valid in point, it couldn’t outweigh the substantiality of Exemption 6 in which we find our initial court case as precedent. Exemption 6, stated prior, exempts disclosure of â€Å"personnel and medical files and similar files,† like these, due to a â€Å"clear, unwarranted invasion of privacy. In discussion of Exemption 6, the Court stated that it is set forth to â€Å"protect individuals from the injury and embarrassment that can result from the unnecessary disclosure of personal information. Basically the Court is weighing public interest versus personal privacy like in our original court case. In regards to our previous case’s relevance as a precedent in this case, the vaccine types and dates were linked to docket numbers which revealed the names and medical information of individuals that shouldn’t be disclosed. They quoted United States Dep’t of State v.Ray stating, (â€Å"disclosure of†¦ personal information constitutes only a de minimis invasion of privacy when the identities†¦ are unknown, the invasion of privacy becomes significant when the personal information is linked to particular† individuals). The Court realized that this put the information at risk of invading personal privacy and was the main factor in their final decision. In conclusion the Court ordered the reconsideration of the defendant, vacated the initial motion for summary judgment, and denied the plaintiffs cross-motion to receive the vaccine types and dates of administration.In my second case regarding my chosen case as a precedent, the FOIA’s Exemption 6 was also used to reach a decision. In Sherman v. United States Department of the Army (244 F. 3d 357) action was brought against the army to produce documents relating to service awards. These documents however, included the social security numbers of service personnel. The reasoning for Sherman’s lawsuit was because the Army redacted the SSNs from the documents pursuant to Exemption 6, knowing that this could cause risk for an unwarranted invasion of personnel privacy.The procedure for redaction was relatively expensive and the Army felt that if Sherman wanted the documents he should pay for it. Sherman argued that this was outrageous and that the documents shouldn’t have to be redacted. The U. S. District Court for Southern Texas agreed that this might be a potential personal privacy risk and ruled summary judgment in favor of the Army which later got appealed. In the Court of Appeals is where we find our case’s precedent. There were two main points in which analysis was needed, Sherman’s waiver argument and Exemption 6 balancing.In the waiver argument, Sherman, instead of contesting Exemption 6, argued that the Army uses SSNs publicly in several situations. He used recreational orders and services such as airlines, hotels, and other public organizations. Sherman backed his argument using other cases as precedent and also argued that allowing the Army to withhold material that was already released they will have power to selectively control the power of disclosure for any documents containing SSNs.The Court however, contended that even though the Sherman gave a valid argument that pertains to a group or agency, only the individual whose privacy is protected by Exemption 6 can waiver their individual privacy interests, declining Shermanâ₠¬â„¢s argument. The Court then moved to balancing the sides on the Exemption 6 issue. Basically what they’re doing here is deciding whether the disclosure of SSNs is indeed â€Å"clearly unwarranted† in respects to personal privacy interest. They leaned most of their premise on Congress and the laws that protect personal privacy.In evaluation, they came to the derivative use theory and noticed that certain implications could arise from the disclosure of Sherman’s request. In Justice Scalia’s concurring opinion of United States Department of State v. Ray Scalia states â€Å"†¦solely upon what the requested information reveals, not what it might lead to. † What this means in assessment is that the Army’s claim for defense is because this information could potentially lead to harm to the individuals through the possibility of identity fraud.In the conclusion of the analysis the Court claims that the redaction of the SSNs does not stop the public interest of attaining the award orders. Rather, it protects the individuals from an unwarranted invasion of their personal privacy. In Sherman’s argument he failed to identify that public interest (in the SSNs) would outweigh the personal privacy of the individuals through an unredacted disclosure. The Court reached a decision to affirm the districts court’s summary judgment in favor of the Army.

Masculinity in Brokeback Mountain by Annie Proulx Essay

The classic stereotype of the Western cowboy impacts the way Ennis and Jack view their relationship throughout the screenplay based on the short story, Brokeback Mountain by Annie Proulx and the film Brokeback Mountain directed by Ang Lee. The stereotypical Western cowboy is depicted throughout as quite masculine and are expected to behave and live a certain way, this is not directed said, but the film and novel suggests so. This typical stereotype leads Ennis and Jack to respond indifferently. They’re quite confused, hesitant and in denial of their relationship. Although wary of the consequences of continuing their relationship together, they’re unable to resist the temptations of each other. As secretive as they try to be, it advocates that the towns’ people and their family realize their true intentions and are quite cold and disapproving to Ennis and Jack. The continuation of their relationship tests Ennis and Jack, and how far they’re willing to take it to keep their relationship intact but private. Jack and Ennis’ upbringing are similar, to the environment of where they lived to how they were brought up to act. The first stage of their affair which occurs in Brokeback Mountain they fall for each other, though they do not vocalize anything their actions say it all. When they try talk about their situation it leads to an argument and in the end nothing gets resolved and they become hesitant of their feelings towards each other. The typical cowboy was depicted throughout the novel and film as quite masculine and that showing affection towards another man would be considered weak, this gives reason to Jack and Ennis’ reaction towards their relationship and that it would not be placed in high regard in society. Jack and Ennis had violent relationships with both their fathers. At an early age Jack would get beaten up by his father John, who was a very brutal man and showed no remorse for his actions â€Å"I thought he was killing me† (Proulx, 1999, p. 25) the extent of Johns violence went far and influenced Jacks behavior throughout his life and taught him that if he were very at fault cruel consequences would occur. Sexual orientation back in the 60s in Wyoming affected how Ennis carried out his feelings of love to Jack. Although it is quite clear he cares for Jack he is aware of the indictment that comes with homosexuals in their society. Ennis’ father is suggested in the film to be quite homophobic and Ennis is mindful of this, at a young age his father  takes Ennis to a dead body which is then clarified to have been a male that was murdered for being a homosexual, Ennis even goes on to suggest that his father might have had something to do with the murder â€Å"My daddy, he made sure me and brother seen it. Hell for all I know, he done the job.† (Lee, 2005). This gives reason for Ennis’ to be in denial of his sexuality and to maintain his image of a â€Å"rough-mannered, rough spoken†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Proulx, 1999, p. 2) Western cowboy. After their first sexual encounter at Brokeback Mountain their feelings are conflicted and whilst they enjoy the company of each other when Jack tries to talk to Ennis about their relationship Ennis is quick to point out that â€Å"He’s no queer,† whilst jack jumps in with â€Å"Me either. A one-shot thing. Nobodys business but ours.† (Proulx, 1999, p. 7). Once they have finished the summer herding the sheep up at Brokeback, they are then go their separate ways not saying much about what has happened. Whilst walking away Ennis stops to the side and feels sick, but as much as he tries to throw up he realizes that only thoughts of regret for leaving Jack and never establishing anything with him is the only realization he comes to. After four years without word from each other Jack sends word to Ennis and he is overcome by excitement and eagerness and once Jack arrives Ennis embraces him intimately without hesitation, this is a change of demeanor for Ennis as before he was reluctant and fully aware of the consequences for such actions in public, yet in this very moment he quickly disregards any sense of judgment or repercussion for what is known to be frowned upon by the community. For several years they have kept their relationship in the same state, secretive and in denial of their true feelings, which is more so Ennis than Jack who was more open about it. Ennis in attempt to keep the typical stereotype of a masculine western cowboy he turns down Jacks offers of a life together for he is more afraid of what could happen if they were to do so which was influenced by his fathers homophobic disposition as a child. They both know that their actions in their society would condemn them both to a hard life or worst case death. Jack and Ennis marry women and raise a family in attempt to be normal and behave as ordinary western cowboys. Jack marries Lureen, and of them two  Lureen is the manlier figure in their relationship. Lureen’s father L.D Newsome is a prime example of the typical masculine man. Newsome takes pleasure in putting Jack in his place whenever the opportunity arises. In pursuit of putting Newsome in his place when he attempts to hold reins over how Jack should behave at thanksgiving Jack responds surprisingly â€Å"This is my house! This is my child! And you are my guest! Now sit the hell down before I knock your ignorant ass into next week!† (Lee, 2005). Before Jack and Ennis met, Ennis was already engaged to Alma, he portrays the behavior of the stereotype of the cowboy and how men were meant to go about their lives to fit in society then. When Ennis is divorced from Alma, Ennis is encountered by a Cassie. In the film, when Cassie tries to dance with Ennis when their faces are towards each other Ennis is shown smiling, but as soon as she places her head away he looks displeased at the situation. Although any typical man would be happy about that situation it’s clear that Ennis is not. When Jack and Ennis’ relationship progresses Ennis becomes more anxious and paranoid â€Å"†¦when you’re in town and someone looks at you all suspicious, like he knows? And then you go out on the pavement and everyone looks like they know too?† (Lee, 2005) this gives reason for Ennis to step back again and become enclosed about their relationship. When Ennis finds out of Jacks death he is lead to believe that he was found out about his sexuality in the community and was murdered for this. This was just as before when Ennis’ father showed him the murdered body of a homosexual and now for not behaving as you should in the community Jack paid the price. The crippling effect of the normative masculinity of the stereotypical cowboy is consequently frowned upon greatly and if you were to behave indifferently through sexuality severe outcomes would occur. This led Jack and Ennis to be hesitant of portraying their relationship openly as they would be incriminated by the community. Reference List: Lee, A. (Director). (2005). Brokeback Mountain. America: River Road Entertainment, Good Machine. Proulx, A. (2006). Brokeback Mountain, the story. Brokeback Mountain: Story to Screenplay (pp. 1-28). London: Perennial.